摘要: 目的水源涵养服务是与人类关系最为密切的生态系统服务之一，也是评估区域生态环境效益的重要指标。本研究以水源涵养量为指标，探究京津风沙源治理工程实施的生态效益、�/sec> 方法采用区域土地利用/覆盖和气象数据，量化�?000�?018年土地利�?覆盖变化和同期水源涵养量动态，进而评估了土地利用/覆盖变化对水源涵养服务的影响、�/sec> 结果�?）京津风沙源治理工程区自西北向东南依次以草地、耕地、林地覆盖为主，水源涵养量自西北向东南递增；（2�?000�?018年，林地总体增加�?4.22%，区域水源涵养量总体也呈现增加趋势，晋北山地丘陵区、燕山丘陵山地水源保护区、科尔沁沙地、鄂尔多斯高原和大兴安岭南部区等增幅相对较大；（3）区域生态系统水源涵养服务随不同时期、亚区分布和地类转换而存在差异，林地水源涵养服务量最高，且在各亚区均占主导地位；�?�?000�?010年，全区内草地向林地转移对水源涵养量增加的贡献最大，�?9.32 × 10 ⁸m ³，大面积草地转为林地使大兴安岭南部区水源涵养量增加最为显著，�?6.11 × 10 ⁸m ³；（5�?010�?018年，全区内仍是草地向林地转移对水源涵养量增加的贡献最大，�?.87 × 10 ⁸m ³，荒地开垦、造林、种草对涵养水源的贡献集中作用于鄂尔多斯高原南部区，增加�?.31 × 10 ⁸m ³，退耕还林和草地向林地转移对燕山丘陵山地水源保护区贡献最大，�?.84 × 10 ⁸m ³、�/sec> 结论京津风沙源治理工程实施以来，退耕还林、荒地造林、草地治理等措施使研究区水源涵养服务有效提高，引起水源涵养量增加的土地利�?覆盖转移类型主要为未利用土地向林、草地转移和草、耕地向林地转移，地类转移对水源涵养量增加贡献最大的区域主要为大兴安岭南部区、燕山丘陵山地水源保护区和晋北山地丘陵区等东南部区域。区域土地利�?覆盖格局有待进一步优化，下一阶段的工程实施应当根据各区生态特点分区施策，因地制宜，对耕地水源涵养服务能力较弱区域实施退耕还林还草工程，对有必要保留的耕地改进水土保持耕作栽培措施，未利用土地面积较大区域根据水资源承载能力科学实施封沙育林育草或进行人工造林，并加强管护，使研究区高生态效益区持续稳步发展，低生态效益区重点治理，高效发展、�/sec>

关键诌�
• 京津风沙溏�/a> /
• 土地利用/覆盖/
• 水源涵养/
• 退耕还枖�/a> /
• 时空格局

Abstract: ObjectiveWater retention is one of the most important ecosystem services closely related to human beings, and it is also an important index to evaluate the regional ecological environment benefits. This study took the amount of water retention as an index to explore the ecological benefits of the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Area (BTSSCPA). MethodWe evaluated the effects of land use/cover change on water retention services using regional land use/cover and meteorological data from 2000 to 2018. Result(1) The land use/cover in the BTSSCPA indicated a spatial heterogeneity with large area of grassland, cropland and woodland, and the amount of water retention increased from northwest to southeast. (2) From 2000 to 2018, forest land increased by 14.22%, and the amount of regional water retention also showed an increasing trend. The increase was relatively large in mountainous and hilly area in northern Shanxi Province of northern China, water conservation zone of Yanshan Mountain region, Horqin Sandy Land, Ordos Plateau of northern China and southern Greater Hinggan Mountains of northeastern China. (3) The water retention service of regional ecosystem varied with different periods, sub-regional distribution and land type transformation, and the water retention service of woodland was the highest, and it was dominant in all sub-regions. (4) From 2000 to 2010, the transfer of grassland to woodland made the greatest contribution to the increase of water retention, reaching 49.32 × 10 ⁸m ³. The conversion of a large area of grassland to woodland increased the water retention capacity most significantly in the southern Greater Hinggan Mountains, reaching 16.11 × 10 ⁸m ³. (5) From 2010 to 2018, the transfer of grassland to woodland made the greatest contribution to the increase of water retention, reaching 3.87 × 10 ⁸m ³. The contribution of reclamation, afforestation and grass planting of wasteland to water retention concentrated on the southern Ordos Plateau, increasing by 1.31 × 10 ⁸m ³. Returning farmland to forest land and grassland made the greatest contribution to water conservation zone of Yanshan Mountain region, up to 1.84 × 10 ⁸m ³. ConclusionSince the implementation of the BTSSCPA, the measures such as returning farmland to forest land, wasteland afforestation and grassland management have effectively improved the water retention service in the study area. The main types of land use/cover transfer that leading to the increase of water retention are the transferring of unused land to woodland and grassland and the transferring of grassland and cropland to woodland. The areas with the greatest contribution to the increase of water retention by land use/cover transfer are mainly in the southern Greater Hinggan Mountains, water conservation zone of Yanshan Mountain region, northern Shanxi Mountains and other southeastern regions. The regional land use/cover pattern needs to be further optimized. The implementation of the next phase of the project program should be based on the ecological characteristics of each district, to implement the project of returning farmland to forest and grassland in areas with weak water retention service capacity, to improve cultivation measures for soil and water conservation on cropland that needs to be preserved, to scientifically implement sand sealing, forestry and grass cultivation or artificial afforestation in areas with large unused land area according to the carrying capacity of water resources, and to strengthen the management and protection, so that the high ecological benefit areas in the study area will continue to develop steadily, while the low ecological benefit areas will focus on treatment and efficient development.

Key words:
• Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source/
• land use/cover/
• water retention/
• returning cropland to forest land/
• spatiotemporal pattern

�?nbsp; 1京津风沙源治理工程区（Ⅱ期）

1. 典型草原东区� 2. 典型草原中区� 3. 典型草原西区� 4. 科尔沁沙地； 5. 大兴安岭南部区； 6. 浑善达克沙地� 7. 农牧交错带区� 8. 黄河灌溉区； 9. 燕山丘陵山地水源区； 10. 晋北山地丘陵区； 11. 鄂尔多斯高原�?, typical grassland east region; 2, typical grassland central region; 3, typical grassland west region; 4, Horqin Sandy Land; 5, southern Greater Hinggan Mountains region; 6, Otindag Sandy Land; 7, farming-pastoral ecozone; 8, Yellow River irrigation area; 9, water conservation zone of Yanshan Mountains region; 10, mountainous and hilly area in northern Shanxi Province; 11, Ordos Plateau.

Figure 1.Area of the Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control Project Area (BTSSCPA) (�?

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 2京津风沙源治理工程区土地利用/覆盖

Figure 2.Land use/cover in the BTSSCPA

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 3京津风沙源治理工程区综合土地利用动态度

Figure 3.Dynamic degree of comprehensive land use in the BTSSCPA

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 42000�?018年京津风沙源治理工程区土地利�?覆盖类型转换

Figure 4.Conversion of land use/cover types in the BTSSCPA from 2000 to 2018

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 5京津风沙源治理工程区多年平均水源涵养野�/p>

Figure 5.Annual mean water retention of the BTSSCPA

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 62000�?015年京津风沙源治理工程区及各亚区年平均水源涵养量变化趋劾�/p>

Figure 6.Changing trend of annual average water retention in the BTSSCPA and sub-regions from 2000 to 2015

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 7京津风沙源治理工程区及各亚区各土地利�?覆盖类型水源涵养野�/p>

Figure 7.Water retention of various land use/cover types in the BTSSCPA and each sub-area

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 82000�?018年京津风沙源治理工程区各亚区土地利用/覆盖变化对水源涵养量的影哌�/p>

Figure 8.Effects of land use/cover changes on water retention in sub-regions of the BTSSCPA from 2000 to 2018

下载: 全尺寸图牆�/a> 幻灯牆�/a>

�?nbsp; 12000�?018年京津风沙源治理工程区土地利�?覆盖变化的面积和比例

Table 1.Area and proportion of land use/cover change in the BTSSCPA from 2000 to 2018

地类 Land type	2000�?010� From 2000 to 2010		2010�?018� From 2010 to 2018		2000�?018� From 2000 to 2018
	变化的面�?br/>Area of change/ (104km2)	变化的比侊�br/>Proportion of change/%	变化的面�?br/>Area of change/(104km2)	变化的比侊�br/>Proportion of change/%	变化的面�?br/>Area of change/(104km2)	变化的比侊�br/>Proportion of change/%
耕地 Cropland	0.02	0.18	�?.09	�?.75	�?.07	�?.56
林地 Woodland	0.87	12.98	0.08	1.10	0.95	14.22
草地 Grassland	�?.35	�?.32	�?.17	�?.44	�?.52	�?.74
水域 Waters	�?.12	�?0.56	0.04	4.15	�?.08	�?.85
建设用地 Construction land	0.49	37.21	0.36	19.66	0.84	64.19
未利用土� Unused land	0.07	0.81	�?.20	�?.30	�?.13	�?.51
注：“−”表示减少。变化的面积指各时段截止年份与起始年份面积的差值；变化的比例指变化的面积与起始年份此种地类面积的比值。Notes: “−� means decreaing. the area of change refers to the difference between the cut-off year and the starting year of each period, and the proportion of change refers to the ratio of changed area to the area of this type of land in the starting year.

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�?nbsp; 22000�?010年京津风沙源治理工程区土地利�?覆盖转移矩阵

Table 2.Land-use/cover transfer matrix of the BTSSCPA from 2000 to 2010 km ²

指标 Index	耕地 Cropland	林地 Woodland	草地 Grassland	水域 Waters	建设用地 Construction land	未利用地 Unused land	总计 Sum
耕地 Cropland	110 560.23	3 122.67	6 374.15	526.62	4 221.28	379.05	125 184.00
林地 Woodland	1 358.09	61 173.73	3 356.15	117.55	494.70	367.89	66 868.11
草地 Grassland	9 515.18	10 649.42	373 132.46	508.14	2 007.71	10 654.32	406 467.23
水域 Waters	885.48	157.34	599.22	8 678.85	193.34	1 070.55	11 584.78
建设用地 Construction land	1 576.04	123.50	489.51	63.42	10 825.14	81.21	13 158.82
未利用地 Unused land	1 522.02	321.11	9 226.68	467.16	313.81	73 291.93	85 142.71
总计 Sum	125 417.04	75 547.77	393 178.17	10 361.74	18 055.98	85 844.95	708 405.65

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�?nbsp; 32010�?018年京津风沙源治理工程区土地利�?覆盖转移矩阵

Table 3.Land-use/cover transfer matrix of the BTSSCPA from 2010 to 2018 km ²

指标 Index		2018� Year of 2018
		耕地 Cropland	林地 Woodland	草地 Grassland	水域 Waters	建设用地 Construction land	未利用地 Unused land	总计 Sum
2010� Year of 2010	耕地 Cropland	123 553.88	163.44	396.39	150.31	1 131.79	19.65	125 415.46
	林地 Woodland	61.50	75 095.03	87.98	28.83	267.78	6.80	75 547.92
	草地 Grassland	661.14	834.95	389 583.76	147.21	1 795.10	156.28	393 178.44
	水域 Waters	28.05	1.97	44.51	10 179.01	55.80	52.41	10 361.75
	建设用地 Construction land	23.40	18.48	20.20	7.98	17 985.22	0.78	18 056.06
	未利用土� Unused land	152.73	260.71	1 152.89	278.21	370.42	83 630.00	85 844.96
	总计 Sum	124 480.70	76 374.58	391 285.73	10 791.55	21 606.11	83 865.92	708 404.59

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�?nbsp; 42000�?015年京津风沙源治理工程区及各亚区年平均水源涵养量变匕�/p>

Table 4.Change of annual average water retention in the BTSSCPA and sub-regions from 2000 to 2015

亚区 Subregion	2000�?010� From 2000 to 2010			2010�?015� From 2010 to 2015			2000�?015� From 2000 to 2015
	区域平均水源 涵养量变匕�br/>Change of regional average water retention capacity/ (104m3·km�?)	年均增幅 Average annual growth rate/ (104m3·km�?)		区域平均水源 涵养量变匕�br/>Change of regional average water retention capacity/ (104m3·km�?)	年均增幅 Average annual growth rate/ (104m3·km�?)		区域平均水源 涵养量变匕�br/>Change of regional average water retention capacity/ (104m3·km�?)	年均增幅 Average annual growth rate/ (104m3·km�?)
晋北山地丘陵匹�br/>Mountainous and hilly area in northern Shanxi Province	4.29	0.58		1.51	0.66		5.80	0.58
燕山丘陵山地水源保护匹�br/>Water conservation zone of Yanshan hilly and mountainous area	5.92	0.59		2.01	0.68		7.92	0.52
科尔沁沙� Horqin Sandy Land	4.02	0.07		2.85	0.58		6.87	0.27
鄂尔多斯高原 Ordos Plateau	2.66	0.27		0.88	0.31		3.54	0.25
大兴安岭南部匹�br/>Southern Greater Hinggan Mountains region	3.80	0.11		3.04	0.72		6.84	0.24
农牧交错�?br/>Farming-pastoral ecozone	1.17	0.05		1.20	0.49		2.37	0.18
浑善达克沙地 Otindag Sandy Land	�?.05	0.00		1.60	0.36		1.55	0.12
黄河灌溉匹�br/>Yellow River irrigation area	1.72	0.14		0.42	0.16		2.14	0.12
典型草原东区 Typical grassland east region	1.42	0.01		0.95	0.20		2.38	0.10
典型草原中区 Typical grassland central region	�?.13	0.01		1.07	0.13		0.94	0.07
典型草原西区 Typical grassland west region	0.42	0.05		0.48	0.09		0.90	0.05
京津风沙源治理工程区 BTSSCPA	2.14	0.17		1.37	0.38		3.51	0.22

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�?nbsp; 52000�?015年京津风沙源治理工程区各亚区年平均水源涵养量方差分析

Table 5.Analysis of variance of annual average water retention in each sub-region of the BTSSCPA from 2000 to 2015

亚区名称 Name of subregion	均�?(104m3·km�?·a�?) Average/(104m3·km�?·year�?)							方差 Variance	F	P	F0.05
典型草原中区 Typical grassland central region	3.35							0.38	1 271.49	0.00	1.89
典型草原西区 Typical grassland west region	3.63							0.20
浑善达克沙地 Otindag Sandy Land		9.79						1.14
典型草原东区 Typical grassland east region		10.28						1.20
鄂尔多斯高原 Ordos Plateau		10.33						1.80
黄河灌溉� Yellow River irrigation area			12.64					0.52
农牧交错带区 Farming-pastoral ecozone				18.69				3.75
科尔沁沙� Horqin Sandy Land					21.02			4.79
大兴安岭南部� Southern Greater Hinggan Mountains region						33.90		4.96
晋北山地丘陵� Mountainous and hilly area in northern Shanxi Province						34.87		10.83
燕山丘陵山地水源保护� Water conservation zone of Yanshan hilly and mountainous area							57.71	8.20
SNK分组 SNK grouping	A	B	C	D	E	F	G
P	0.67	0.69	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.14	1.00

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�?nbsp; 62000�?018年京津风沙源治理工程区土地利�?覆盖变化对水源涵养量的影哌�/p>

Table 6.Effects of land use/cover changes on water retention in the BTSSCPA from 2000 to 2018

土地利用/覆盖变化 Land use/cover change	2000�?010年水源涵养量变化 Change of water retention from 2000 to 2010/(104m3)	2010�?018年水源涵养量变化 Change of water retention from 2010 to 2018/(104m3)
未利用土地—耕地 From unused land to cropland	35 846.14	3 597.10
未利用土地—草�?br/>From unused land to grassland	117 651.07	14 700.74
未利用土地—林�?br/>From unused land to woodland	18 967.36	15 399.64
草地—林�?br/>From grassland to woodland	493 247.98	38 672.28
退耕还枖�br/>From cropland to woodland	110 905.05	5 804.75

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