摘要: 目的绿色空间是城乡发展的生态基础，良好的绿色空间体系是协调城市发展和自然保护的重要保障。全面测度黄河下游城市区域绿色空间时空演变规律并探究其演变机制，有助于下游绿色生态走廊建设和滩区生态综合整治中的规划应对、�/sec> 方法以黄河下�?个城市济南、菏泽、郑州、新乡为研究对象，以1990�?000�?010�?020年为时间节点，基于土地利用二级分类和植被覆盖密度划分区域绿色空间类型，进而运用转移矩阵、景观格局指数、城乡梯度、地理探测等方法，对绿色空间时空演变的规律与机制开展定量研究、�/sec> 结果�?�?0年间，绿色空间合计向裸露地表转出3 223 km ²，裸露地表向各类绿色空间转出1 181 km ²；绿色空间之间互相转�?35 km ²，其中较高密度向较低密度绿色空间转出466 km ²，较低密度向较高密度绿色空间转出269 km ²。（2）各类绿色空间斑块数量减少，斑块平均面积、功能连通度增加，低密度绿色空间斑块面积比、面积加权平均形状指数减少是景观格局指数变化的普遍规律。（3）城乡梯度上，低密度绿色空间的波峰、波谷移动明显，高、中密度绿色空间相对固定。（4）自然环境因素对济南、郑州、新乡区域绿色空间分布产生主导影响，社会经济因素解释力的累积值增加了3.1% ~ 8.4%，因子间的非线性增强效果逐年提升、�/sec> 结论30年间，区域绿色空间总量损失，绿色空间内部转移以中、高密度向低密度的转出为主，各级城镇建成区边缘、宽滩区沿线转移较多；景观格局的总体变化趋势为由明显波动到趋近平稳、由破碎分散向整合连通，中、高密度绿色空间指标的改善态势在区域性中心城市更为明显；城乡梯度特征在城市间、绿色空间类型间存在较大差异；影响因子间对绿色空间地理分布的协同作用渐增，绿色空间逐渐成为自然−社会互构的结果。未来应“因城制宜”地促进城市区域绿色空间由“屏障”转为“枢纽”、�/sec>

关键诌�
• 绿色空间/
• 时空演变/
• 景观格局/
• 市域/
• 黄河下游

Abstract: ObjectiveGreenspace is the ecological foundation of urban and rural development, and a good greenspace system is an important guarantee for coordinating urban development and nature conservation. Comprehensive measurement and investigation of the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of city-wide greenspace in the lower reaches of the Yellow River can help the planning for the construction of ecological corridors in the lower reaches and ecological improvement in the floodplain. MethodFour cities in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Jinan, Heze, Zhengzhou, and Xinxiang, were used as the study objects, and year 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were taken as the time nodes. Using vegetation cover density and the secondary classification of land use, the city-wide green space types were classified, and then the transfer matrix, landscape pattern indices, urban-to-rural trajectory and geo-detector were used to conduct quantitative research on the spatio-temporal patterns and mechanism of city-wide evolution greenspace. Result(1) In the past 30 years, the greenspace had transferred 3 223 km ²to the bare surface, and the bare surface had transferred 181 km ²to all kinds of greenspace; 735 km ²of greenspace was transferred to each other, of which 466 km ²was transferred from higher density to lower density greenspace, and 269 km ²was transferred from lower density to higher density greenspace. (2) The decrease of percentage of landscape (PLAND) and area-weighted mean shape index (AWMSI) of sparse greenspace, the decrease of number of patches (NP) of all kinds of greenspace, and the increase of mean patch size (MPS) and functional connectivity (PC) were the general rules of landscape pattern indices. (3) On the urban-rural gradient, the peaks and valleys of low density greenspaces moved significantly, while high and medium density greenspaces were relatively fixed. (4) The influence of natural environmental factors on the geographical distribution of greenspace in Jinan, Shandong Province of eastern China, Zhengzhou and Xinxiang, Henan Province of central China was dominant, and the cumulative influence of socio-economic factors in each city increased by 3.1%�?.4%, showing an increasingly obvious non-linear enhancement with natural environmental factors. influence of socio-economic factors in each city increased by 3.1%�?.4%, showing an increasingly obvious non-linear enhancement with natural environmental factors. ConclusionDuring the 30 years, the total amount of regional greenspace is lost, and the internal transfer of greenspace is mainly from higher density to lower density, with more transfers along the edges of built-up areas and along the wide floodplain; the overall trend of landscape pattern changes from obvious fluctuation to nearly stable, from fragmentation and dispersion to integration and connectivity, and the improvement trend is more obvious in regional central cities; the urban-to-rural trajectory characteristics differ greatly between cities and greenspace types; the synergistic effect among influencing factors is gradually increasing, and greenspace gradually becomes the result of natural-social interconfiguration. In the future, the city-wide greenspace should be transformed from a “barrier� to a “hub� according to the needs of the city.

Key words:
• greenspace/
• spatio-temporal evolution/
• landscape pattern/
• city region/
• the lower reaches of the Yellow River

�?nbsp; 1研究区域

Figure 1.Research area

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�?nbsp; 2研究框架

Figure 2.Research framework

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�?nbsp; 31990�?020年绿色空间转移的空间分布

Figure 3.Distribution of greenspace transfer from 1990 to 2020

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�?nbsp; 41990�?020年绿色空间转移桑基图

Figure 4.Sankey diagram of greenspace transfer from 1990 to 2020

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�?nbsp; 51990�?020年绿色空间景观指数总体变化

PLAND.斑块面积比；NP.斑块数量；LPI.最大斑块面积比；MPS.斑块平均面积；AWMSI.面积加权平均形状指数；FC.功能连通度。下同。PLAND, percentage of landscape; NP, number of patch; LPI, largest patch index; MPS, mean patch size; AWMSI, area-weighted mean shape index; FC, functional connectivity. The same below.

Figure 5.Overall changes of landscape pattern indices from 1990 to 2020

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�?nbsp; 61990�?020年景观格局指数变化折线国�/p>

Figure 6.Point-fold line chart of landscape pattern indices from 1990 to 2020

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�?nbsp; 71990�?020年绿色空间面积占比的城乡梯度变化

Figure 7.Urban-to-rural trajectory of the area percentage of greenspace from 1990 to 2020

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�?nbsp; 1研究城市基本情况

Table 1.Summary of selected cities

城市 City	常住人口数量 Permanent resident population	2020年国民生产总�?亿元 GDP in 2020/108CNY	行政区面�?br/> Administrative area/km2
济南 Jinan	920.2 × 104	10 140.9	10 220.0
菏泽 Heze	879.6 × 104	3 483.1	12 142.8
郑州 Zhengzhou	1 260.1 × 104	12 691.0	7 515.5
新乡 Xinxiang	617.1 × 104	3 232.5	8 271.0

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�?nbsp; 21990�?020年绿色空间转移矩阴�/p>

Table 2.Matrix of greenspace transfer from 1990 to 2020 km ²

年份 Year	城市 City	指标 Index	2020
			裸露地表 Bare surface	低密�?br/> Low density	中密�?br/> Medium density	高密�?br/>High density
1990	济南 Jinan	裸露地表 Bare surface	904	296	1	36
		低密� Low density	1 137	5 319	6	85
		中密� Medium density	16	19	349	3
		高密� High density	115	139	1	1 792
	菏泽 Heze	裸露地表 Bare surface	1 462	532	1	25
		低密� Low density	1 005	8 727	0	66
		中密� Medium density	9	35	6	0
		高密� High density	26	106	0	139
	郑州 Zhengzhou	裸露地表 Bare surface	1 453	54	0	54
		低密� Low density	583	4 098	1	65
		中密� Medium density	24	56	141	21
		高密� High density	37	57	6	864
	新乡 Xinxiang	裸露地表 Bare surface	1 166	127	0	55
		低密� Low density	253	5 473	0	20
		中密� Medium density	0	4	43	2
		高密� High density	18	42	1	1 062

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�?nbsp; 3因子探测结果

Table 3.Factor detection results

城市 City	年份 Year	与水系距禺�br/>Distance from waters (X1)	土壤类型 Soil type (X2)	与滩区关糺�br/>Relationship with floodplain (X3)	高程 Altitude (X4)	与城镇距禺�br/> Distance from town (X5)	生产总倻�br/> GDP (X6)	城乡人口比例 Proportion of urban and rural population (X7)	一产比侊�br/>Proportion of primary industry (X8)
济南 Jinan	2000	0.304***	0.001	0.003**	0.328***	0.094***	0.029***	0.003***	0.024***
	2010	0.244	0.001	0.001	0.283***	0.092***	0.018***	0.013***	0.028***
	2020	0.243***	0.001	0.001	0.283***	0.073***	0.048***	0.014***	0.067***
菏泽 Heze	2000	0.004	0.002	0.005*	0.002	0.004	0	0	0.005**
	2010	1.000	0.872	0.011***	0.002	0.032***	0.003	0.004*	0.003*
	2020	0	0	0.011***	0.002	0.036***	0.000	0.001	0.001
郑州 Zhengzhou	2000	0.039***	0	0.012***	0.005	0.027***	0.014***	0.031***	0.022***
	2010	0.037***	0.001	0.012***	0.194***	0.034***	0.026***	0.077***	0.073***
	2020	0.045***	0.001	0.017***	0.192***	0.037***	0.056***	0.077***	0.063***
新乡 Xinxiang	2000	0.412***	0.004	0.047***	0.531***	0.096***	0.109***	0.145***	0.067***
	2010	0.401***	0.004	0.043***	0.526***	0.103***	0.166***	0.086***	0.082***
	2020	0.393***	0.005	0.042***	0.518***	0.111***	0.164***	0.045***	0.181***
注：表中数字为解释力q值；*表示�?i>P< 0.1水平上差异显著，**表示�?i>P< 0.05水平上差异显著，***表示�?i>P< 0.01水平上差异显著。Notes: the number in the table is the explanatory powerq-value;*means significant differences atP< 0.1 level,**means significant differences atP< 0.05 level, and***means significant differences atP< 0.01 level.

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�?nbsp; 4交互探测结果（以郑州为例（�/p>

Table 4.Interactive detection results (taking Zhengzhou as an example)

年份 Year		X1	X2	X3	X4	X5	X6	X7	X8
2000	X1	0.039
	X2		0.003
	X3			0.012
	X4		0.221		0.205
	X5					0.027
	X6						0.014
	X7							0.031
	X8								0.022
2010	X1	0.037
	X2		0.001
	X3			0.012
	X4		0.209	0.209	0.194
	X5					0.034
	X6						0.026
	X7							0.077
	X8		0.088						0.073
2020	X1	0.045
	X2		0.001
	X3			0.017
	X4	0.240	0.211		0.192
	X5					0.037
	X6		0.067				0.056
	X7		0.065					0.057
	X8		0.073						0.063
注：表中数字为交互作用解释力q值，此表仅显示具有显著性的q值。Notes: the number in the table is the explanatory powerq-values of interaction. This table only shows theqvalues with significant interaction relationship.

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