摘要: 目的东北地区森林面积广袤，是我国重要的生态屏障。本文旨在研究昼夜不对称增温的背景下，东北森林生长季NDVI变化及其对气候的响应，以期为东北地区林业建设与保护提供科学数据与指导、�/sec> 方法基于2000�?019年SPOT Vegetation NDVI数据、植被类型空间分布数据以及逐月降水、气温数据，应用趋势分析、Hurst指数、相关分析等方法，探究昼夜不对称增温的背景下东北森林生长季NDVI的时空演变规律，对气候因子的响应特征及未来变化趋势、�/sec> 结果�?）近20年东北森林生长季NDVI整体呈上升趋势，�?0年增�?.035，其中混交林增加趋势最大，�?0年增�?.037，阔叶林最小。东北森林以改善为主，占总面�?5.59%，另�?3.84%的森林保持基本不变，仅有0.57%的区域森林属于退化状态。（2）从整个生长季来看，NDVI受最低气温和降水影响显著，与最高气温关系不密切，同时生长季最低气温和降水呈明显增加趋势，最高气温无明显变化，一定程度上解释了在昼夜不对称增温的背景下，东北森林生长季NDVI增加；不同林型对气候响应不完全相同�?种森林类型中，针叶林生长主要受最低气温影响，阔叶林生长由降水和最低气温共同控制，混交林生长对降水最为敏感。（3）从逐月特征来看，生长季前期�?�?月）NDVI主要受最高气温和最低气温共同影响，旺盛生长期（6�?月）对降水敏感性较高，生长季末期（9�?0月）受最低气温和降水共同控制；NDVI对降水、温度敏感性均呈现明显的时滞性特征。（4）利用Hurst指数对未来趋势进行分析，显示东北森林将由改善转为退化，�?1.94%的森林将面临退化风险，尤其是中部和北部气候变化剧烈区域、�/sec> 结论白天和夜晚升温的不对称性和NDVI对最高、最低气温差异性响应特征，导致白天和夜晚温度对东北森林NDVI�?0 年变化具有不对称影响�?000�?019年东北森林生长季NDVI呈增加趋势，但未来面临退化风险、�/sec>

关键诌�
• 最高气�?/a> /
• 最低气�?/a> /
• NDVI/
• 气候变匕�/a> /
• 东北森林

Abstract: ObjectiveThe vast forest zone in Northeast China is an important ecological barrier of China. In this paper, changes of growing season NDVI and its response to climate change for forest in Northeast China (northeast forest) was studied in order to provide scientific basis and guidance for forestry establishment and protection in this region under the background of diurnal asymmetric warming. MethodBased on the SPOT Vegetation NDVI, different vegetation types� spatial distribution, monthly precipitation and monthly temperature data from 2000 to 2019, using trend analysis, Hurst index and coefficient correlation analysis method, this paper investigates the spatial and temporal changing characteristics of growing season NDVI and its response to climate change for forest in Northeast China under the background diurnal asymmetric increase. Result�?）In recent 20 years, growing season NDVI for forest in Northeast China generally showed an increasing trend, with the growth rate of 0.035 per ten years. The mixed forest showed the highest increase rate, reached 0.037 per ten years, the broadleaved forest showed the smallest increase rate. Northeast forests are mainly improved, accounting for 55.59% of the total area. Another 43.84% of the forests remained basically unchanged, and only 0.57% of the regional forests were degraded. �?）For the whole growing season, NDVI was significantly affected by minimum temperature and precipitation, and was weakly related to maximum temperature, at the same time, minimum temperature and precipitation in the growing season showed an obvious increasing trend, and maximum temperature had no obvious change, which contributed the increase of NDVI in northeast forest during growing season obviously under the background of diurnal asymmetric warming. Different forest types had varied responses characteristics: among the three forest types, coniferous forest growth was mainly affected by minimum temperature; broadleaved forest growth was mainly affected by precipitation and minimum temperature; mixed forest growth was most sensitive to precipitation. �?）For the monthly response characteristics, the NDVI in the early growing season (from April to May) was mainly affected by the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature, and the temperature sensitivity decreased gradually with the increase of temperature. At the end of the growing season (from September to October), it was jointly controlled by the minimum temperature and precipitation, and the precipitation sensitivity was higher in the mid growing season (from June to August). The sensitivity of NDVI to precipitation and temperature showed obvious time lag characteristics. (4) Future trend analysis indicated that the forest in Northeast China will change from improvement to degradation, around 71.94% of all forest will at risk of degradation, especially in areas with severe climate change regions. ConclusionDiurnal asymmetric warming and differential response of NDVI to the maximum and minimum temperature lead to the asymmetric effect of daytime and nighttime temperature on the change of NDVI for forest in Northeast China. From 2000 to 2019, the growing season NDVI for forest in Northeast China has been increasing, but will be at risk of degradation in future.

Key words:
• maximum temperature/
• minimum temperature/
• NDVI/
• climate change/
• forest in Northeast China

�?nbsp; 1研究区概冴�/p>

审图号：GS(2021)5448号。下同。Base drawing review No.: GS(2021)5448. The same below.

Figure 1.Survey of the study area

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�?nbsp; 2东北森林生长季NDVI空间分布特征

Figure 2.Spatial distribution characteristics of growing season NDVI in forest zone of Northeast China

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�?nbsp; 3东北森林生长季NDVI变化

Figure 3.Changes of growing season NDVI of forest zone in Northeast China

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�?nbsp; 4东北森林生长季NDVI空间变化

Figure 4.NDVI spatial variation in the growing season of forests in Northeast China

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�?nbsp; 5东北森林生长季NDVI的Hurst指数及未来趋劾�/p>

Figure 5.Hurst index and future trend of growing season NDVI of forest zone in Northeast China

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�?nbsp; 62000�?019年东北森林生长季气象因子变化趋势空间分布

Figure 6.Spatial distribution of meteorological factors in the growing season of forests in Northeast China from 2000 to 2019

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�?nbsp; 7东北森林生长季NDVI与气象因子相关系数空间分市�/p>

Figure 7.Spatial distribution of correlation coefficients between NDVI in growing season and meteorological factors of forest zone in Northeast China

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�?nbsp; 12000�?019年东北森林生长季NDVI变化趋势统计

Table 1.Statistics in NDVI changing trend in forest growing season in Northeast China from 2000 to 2019

θslope	变化程度 Degree of change	所有森枖�br/>All forests			针叶枖�br/>Coniferous forest			混交枖�br/>Mixed forest			阔叶枖�br/>Broadleaved forest
		面积 Area/km2	比例 Proportion/%		面积 Area/km2	比例 Proportion/%		面积 Area/km2	比例 Proportion/%		面积 Area/km2	比例 Proportion/%
�?.0258 ~ �?.0090	中度退匕�br/>Moderately degraded	520	0.11		143	0.11		9	0.05		368	0.12
�?.0090 ~ �?.0034	轻度退匕�br/>Lightly degraded	2 141	0.46		325	0.25		37	0.22		1 779	0.57
�?.0034 ~ 0.0034	基本不变 Basically unchanged	204 138	43.84		59 623	45.32		5 852	34.53		137 265	43.70
0.0034 ~ 0.0097	轻度改善 Lightly improved	257 103	55.22		71 020	53.98		11 046	65.17		173 460	55.22
0.0097 ~ 0.0208	中度改善 Moderately improved	1 723	0.37		448	0.34		6	0.04		1 243	0.40

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�?nbsp; 2东北森林生长季NDVI的未来趋势统讠�/p>

Table 2.Statistics of future trend of growing season NDVI of forest zone in Northeast China

未来趋势 Future trend	所有森枖�br/> All forests			针叶枖�br/> Coniferous forest			混交枖�br/> Mixed forest			阔叶枖�br/> Broadleaved forest
	面积 Area/km2	比例 Proportion/%		面积 Area/m2	比例 Proportion/%		面积 Area/m2	比例 Proportion/%		面积 Area/m2	比例 Proportion/%
退化到改善 Degradation to improvement	7 772	1.67		909	0.69		138	0.82		6710	2.14
改善到退匕�br/>Improvement to degradation	325 658	70.06		89 843	68.39		12 794	75.59		220 848	70.43
持续退匕�br/>Continuous degradation	8 737	1.88		1 583	1.21		108	0.64		7 024	2.24
持续改善 Continuous improvement	122 668	26.39		39 025	29.71		3 885	22.95		78 971	25.19

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�?nbsp; 32000�?019年东北森林生长季气象因子的变化趋劾�/p>

Table 3.Changing trend of meteorological factors in growing season of forests in Northeast China from 2000 to 2019

森林类型 Forest type	降水�?（mm·10�?a�?（�br/>Precipitation/ (mm·10�?year�?)	平均气温/（℃·10�?a�?（�br/>Mean temperature/ (℃�?0�?year�?)	平均最高气�?（℃·10�?a�?（�br/>Mean max. temperature/ (℃�?0�?year�?)	平均最低气�?（℃·10�?a�?（�br/>Mean min. temperature/ (℃�?0�?year�?)
所有森� All forests	10.37**	0.07	0.01	0.23*
针叶� Coniferous forest	8.73*	0.12	0.01	0.35**
混交� Mixed forest	10.95*	0.08	0.07	0.15
阔叶� Broadleaved forest	11.03**	0.05	0.01	0.18+
注：+代表P< 0.10＋�sup>*代表P< 0.05＋�sup>**代表P< 0.01。下同。Notes:+representsP< 0.10;*representsP< 0.05;**representP< 0.01. The same below.

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�?nbsp; 4东北森林生长季平均NDVI与气象因子的相关�?/p>

Table 4.Correlations between mean NDVI and meteorological factors in the growing season of forests in Northeast China

平均NDVI Mean NDVI	降水野�br/>Precipitation	平均气温 Mean temperature	平均最高气�?br/>Mean max. temperature	平均最低气�?br/>Mean min. temperature
所有森� All forests	0.44+	0.26	0.17	0.47*
针叶� Coniferous forest	0.24	0.37	0.30	0.42+
混交� Mixed forest	0.35	0.22	0.11	0.27
阔叶� Broadleaved forest	0.50*	0.20	0.10	0.48*

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�?nbsp; 5东北森林生长季NDVI与气象因子相关性所占比侊�/p>

Table 5.Proportion of correlation between NDVI and meteorological factors in the growing season of forests in Northeast China %

气象因子 Meteorological factor	相关�?br/>Correlation	所有森枖�br/>All forests	针叶枖�br/>Coniferous forest	混交枖�br/>Mixed forest	阔叶枖�br/>Broadleaved forest
降水 Precipitation	显著负相兲�br/>Significantly negative correlation	0.51	0.13	0.63	0.67
	不显著负相关 Not significantly negative correlation	16.39	17.56	12.22	16.18
	不显著正相关 Not significantly positive correlation	69.46	77.90	80.74	65.19
	显著正相兲�br/>Significantly positive correlation	13.64	4.41	6.40	17.96
平均气温 Mean temperature	显著负相兲�br/>Significantly negative correlation	1.98	0.97	0.24	2.51
	不显著负相关 Not significantly negative correlation	21.24	10.03	16.93	26.24
	不显著正相关 Not significantly positive correlation	62.84	64.80	78.97	61.13
	显著正相兲�br/>Significantly positive correlation	13.94	24.20	3.87	10.12
平均最高气�?br/>Mean max. temperature	显著负相兲�br/>Significantly negative correlation	2.02	0.95	0.51	2.56
	不显著负相关 Not significantly negative correlation	29.06	13.62	38.76	35.10
	不显著正相关 Not significantly positive correlation	59.61	72.43	52.11	54.48
	显著正相兲�br/>Significantly positive correlation	9.31	13.00	8.63	7.86
平均最低气�?br/>Mean min. temperature	显著负相兲�br/>Significantly negative correlation	3.36	1.66	0.28	4.25
	不显著负相关 Not significantly negative correlation	21.60	18.03	29.19	22.75
	不显著正相关 Not significantly positive correlation	46.89	55.05	55.30	43.05
	显著正相兲�br/>Significantly positive correlation	28.15	25.26	15.22	29.95

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�?nbsp; 6东北森林逐月NDVI与气象因子的相关�?/p>

Table 6.Correlations between monthly NDVI and meteorological factors of forest zone in Northeast China

气象因子 Meteorological factor	项目 Item	4朇�br/> Apr.	5朇�br/> May	6朇�br/> Jun.	7朇�br/> Jul.	8朇�br/> Aug.	9朇�br/> Sep.	10朇�br/> Oct.
降水 Precipitation	同期 Same period	�?.351	0.136	0.098	�?.014	0.241	�?.321	�?.190
	�?� Previous one month	�?.236	�?.059	0.683**	0.261	�?.187	0.489*	0.420+
	�?� Previous two months	�?.231	�?.109	�?.275	0.608**	0.200	�?.128	0.223
	�?� Previous three months	�?.221	0.180	�?.141	�?.235	0.601**	�?.078	0.042
平均气温 Mean temperature	同期 Same period	0.835**	0.518*	0.180	0.296	0.201	�?.131	0.179
	�?� Previous one month	0.576**	0.126	�?.201	�?.063	0.267	0.069	0.300
	�?� Previous two months	0.239	0.072	0.014	�?.110	0.009	0.111	�?.074
	�?� Previous three months	0.286	�?.110	0.079	0.058	�?.369	0.094	�?.005
平均最高气�?br/> Mean max. temperature	同期 Same period	0.857**	0.456*	0.074	0.339	�?.011	0.044	0.215
	�?� Previous one month	0.627**	0.132	�?.285	�?.183	0.309	0.001	�?.052
	�?� Previous two months	0.334	0.125	0.064	�?.177	�?.093	0.270	0.139
	�?� Previous three months	0.307	�?.076	0.125	�?.110	�?.382	0.076	0.021
平均最低气�?br/> Mean min. temperature	同期 Same period	0.633**	0.567**	0.453*	0.180	0.123	�?.230	0.095
	�?� Previous one month	0.512*	0.033	0.113	0.294	0.177	0.473*	0.478*
	�?� Previous two months	0.184	�?.007	�?.178	0.120	0.249	�?.075	0.093
	�?� Previous three months	0.256	�?.143	0.007	�?.133	�?.217	0.180	�?.030

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�?nbsp; 7东北森林逐月气象因子变化趋势

Table 7.Monthly changing trend of meteorological factors in the forest of Northeast China

气象因子 Meteorological factor	1� Jan.	2� Feb.	3� Mar.	4� Apr.	5� May	6� Jun.	7� Jul.	8� Aug.	9� Sep.	10� Oct.
降水�?（mm·10�?a�?（�br/>Precipitation/(mm·10�?year�?)	�?.85**	1.51	�?.91	�?.90	16.68*	18.49	1.30	29.62*	15.62*	�?.59
平均气温/（℃·10�?a�?（�br/>Mean temperature/(℃�?0�?year�?)	0.61	0.12	0.71	0.31	0.20	�?.45	0.35	0.48	0.01	0.09
平均最高气�?（℃·10�?a�?（�br/>Mean max. temperature/(℃�?0�?year�?)	0.61	0.08	0.99	0.69	0.19	�?.83	0.44	�?.33	�?.33	0.25
平均最低气�?（℃·10�?a�?（�br/>Mean min. temperature/(℃�?0�?year�?)	0.58	0.04	0.40	�?.23	0.28	0.20	0.38	0.62	0.42	�?.05
注：负值表示降低。Note: the negative values indicate decrease.

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